Dice are integral to almost all roleplaying games.
These smooth polyhedrons of plastic have become
objects of fixation for some players, who accumulate
large bags full of dice in different shapes and colors;
some that even glow in the dark. Dice are sold with
words or icons on them. They come in left- and
right-handed versions. The randomization of dice has
been programmed into hand-held or online devices.
People can custom-order dice. There are even
websites devoted to dice.
Early dice were made of wood, clay, bone, stone
or ivory. The point of using dice was to randomize
results, so that the dice themselves might have been
tossed sticks, knucklebones, spinners (like teetotums
or dreidels) or the cubes we are more familiar with
today. Because the earliest dice weren't regular in
shape, they could easily favor one number over
another. Since the gods were supposed to determine
which side came up, that wasn't supposed to matter.
When dice were used for divination, this issue wasn't
terribly important. Divinatory dice include African
divining bones and various forms of rune stones or
rune dice.
All very good for divinations, but what about
gambling? Irregularly shaped dice undoubtedly led to
cheating. A book written in 1550 addressed A
Manifest Detection of Diceplay and discusses some
of the ways players can cheat at games of dice. If
you would like your own loaded dice, you can order
them (d6 only) over the Web.
Perhaps because it didn't take long for people to
recognize that certain irregularly shaped dice favored
certain results, regular dice soon became more
popular. According to Dr. R. J. Henery, an early
example of a regular die comes from Northern Iraq
(about 3000 BC). It was a d6 made of pottery.
[reference site down 5/17/00] Modern 6-sided dice
are designed so that each opposite side adds up to 7; 1
and 6, 2 and 5, 3 and 4. (See a medieval manuscript
illustration of dice being made.)
Senet, an ancient Egyptian game predating
Backgammon, may be one of the earliest known dice
games. The oldest known representation of Senet is in
a painting from the tomb of Hesy (Third Dynasty
circa 2686-2613 BCE), according to Catherine
Soubeyrand. Sticks or knucklebones would have been
used for dice in this game.
The Romans played Tali, which used the
knucklebones of sheep or goats. These dice were
later replaced, among the wealthier, by replicas in
metal, ivory, and even precious gems.
In the medieval period, Alphonse X dictated the
?Book of Dice,? which includes illustrations of
Highest Number and Same Number with One as with
Two Dice. Riffa, and Guirguiesca.
In the 15th century, a game called Tablero de
Jesus was a dice game for money. Popular in Spain, it
was banned by the Pope in 1458, and the ban
rescinded only in the 20th century. Later the game
was turned into Toblero, which replaced coins with
shot glasses, and the winnings were imbibed rather
than spent. (See a medieval manuscript illustration of
dicing.)
In the 16th century, dice were used in games
such as Gluckhaus and Hazard. Later, dice games like
Craps and Backgammon came to resemble what we
know today.
Today's non-d6 dice are the results of math and
technology. Although d4's and d6's are relatively easy
to manufacture, dice ranging from d8 to d100 are
much harder, requiring advanced and precise casting
techniques. For die-hard polyhedral fans (yes, I know,
a cube is also a polyhedron, but you know what I
mean), check out the Pavilion of Polyhedreality, with
more projects and information about polyhedrals than
you could ever want.
But now, the most important question. Which
combinations of polyhedral dice get which results?
This is a much-discussed issue for games such as
Deadlands, in which you can assign different types
and numbers of dice to different attributes. The
formula for figuring it out exists, but it isn't easy....